This is because the shutdown command can be run only by the root user or by an administrator user with root user privileges. To run commands with superuser privileges, use the sudo command. Sudo stands for superuser do. The following example works on computers with macOS installed, so don’t run it unless you want to restart your computer. Is it possible to run a Mac OS X GUI app as root when you are logged in as a different user? Yes, I recognize that this is usually a bad idea. When I try. Sudo open /Path/To/My.app it runs as the logged-in user, so far as I can tell. I'm sure you are wondering why I want to do this.
Name
Note: Using sudo(8) with with administrator privileges is generally unnecessary and creates security holes; simply remove the 'sudo'. And Mac OS X 10.4.2 sets both the real and effective user ids; the workaround described here will be unnecessary, but harmless. Installing Xcode from the App Store; You can agree to the agreement of Xcode by opening the application from App Store or Dock and clicking the Agree button. The Agree button for the agreement. Or by typing the following command in Terminal to agree with the agreements. Sudo xcodebuild -license. 'Run as' Application as different user. If it's just one command you want to run as another user use sudo. Five Mac Apps Worth Checking Out - August 2020.
sudo, sudoedit - execute a command as another user
Synopsis
sudo -h | -K | -k | -V
sudo -v [-AknS] [-ggroup name | #gid] [-pprompt] [-uuser name | #uid]
sudo -l[l] [-AknS] [-ggroup name | #gid] [-pprompt] [-Uuser name] [-uuser name | #uid] [command]
sudo [-AbEHnPS] [-Cfd] [-ggroup name | #gid] [-pprompt] [-rrole] [-ttype] [-uuser name | #uid] [VAR=value] -i | -s [command]
sudoedit [-AnS] [-Cfd] [-ggroup name | #gid] [-pprompt] [-uuser name |#uid] file ..
Description
sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy.
sudo supports a plugin architecture for security policies and input/output logging. Third parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/Ologging plugins to work seamlessly with the sudo front end. The default security policy is sudoers, which is configured via the file/etc/sudoers, or via LDAP. See the PLUGINS section for more information.
The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has to run sudo. The policy may require that users authenticate themselves with apassword or another authentication mechanism. If authentication is required, sudo will exit if the user's password is not entered within a configurabletime limit. This limit is policy-specific; the default password prompt timeout for the sudoers security policy is 5 minutes.
Security policies may support credential caching to allow the user to run sudo again for a period of time without requiring authentication. Thesudoers policy caches credentials for 5 minutes, unless overridden in sudoers(5). By running sudo with the -v option, a user can updatethe cached credentials without running a command.
When invoked as sudoedit, the -e option (described below), is implied.
Security policies may log successful and failed attempts to use sudo. If an I/O plugin is configured, the running command's input and output may belogged as well.
The options are as follows:
# Path to askpass helper programPath askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass
If no askpass program is available, sudo will exit with an error.
-Cfd' Normally, sudo will close all open file descriptors other than standard input, standard output and standard error. The -C(close from) option allows the user to specify a starting point above the standard error (file descriptor three). Values less than three are notpermitted. The security policy may restrict the user's ability to use the -C option. The sudoers policy only permits use of the -C optionwhen the administrator has enabled the closefrom_override option.
-E' The -E (preserve environment) option indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to preserve their existing environmentvariables. The security policy may return an error if the -E option is specified and the user does not have permission to preserve the environment.
-e' The -e (edit) option indicates that, instead of running a command, the user wishes to edit one or more files. In lieu of a command,the string 'sudoedit' is used when consulting the security policy. If the user is authorized by the policy, the following steps are taken:
1. Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited with the owner set to the invoking user.
2. The editor specified by the policy is run to edit the temporary files. The sudoers policy uses the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL and EDITOR environmentvariables (in that order). If none of SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR are set, the first program listed in the editorsudoers(5) option is used.
3. If they have been modified, the temporary files are copied back to their original location and the temporary versions are removed.
If the specified file does not exist, it will be created. Note that unlike most commands run by sudo, the editor is run with the invoking user'senvironment unmodified. If, for some reason, sudo is unable to update a file with its edited version, the user will receive a warning and the editedcopy will remain in a temporary file.
-ggroup' Normally, sudo runs a command with the primary group set to the one specified by the password database for the user thecommand is being run as (by default, root). The -g (group) option causes sudo to run the command with the primary group set togroup instead. To specify a gid instead of a group name, use #gid. When running commands as a gid, many shells require thatthe '#' be escaped with a backslash ('). If no -u option is specified, the command will be run as the invoking user (not root). In either case, theprimary group will be set to group.
-H' The -H (HOME) option requests that the security policy set the HOME environment variable to the home directory of the target user(root by default) as specified by the password database. Depending on the policy, this may be the default behavior.
-h' The -h (help) option causes sudo to print a short help message to the standard output and exit.
-i [command]
The -i (simulate initial login) option runs the shell specified by the password database entry of the target user as a login shell. This meansthat login-specific resource files such as .profile or .login will be read by the shell. If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell forexecution via the shell's -c option. If no command is specified, an interactive shell is executed. sudo attempts to change to that user's homedirectory before running the shell. The security policy shall initialize the environment to a minimal set of variables, similar to what is present when a userlogs in. The Command Environment section in the sudoers(5) manual documents how the -i option affects the environment in which a command is runwhen the sudoers policy is in use.
-K' The -K (sure kill) option is like -k except that it removes the user's cached credentials entirely and may not be used inconjunction with a command or other option. This option does not require a password. Not all security policies support credential caching.
-k [command]
When used alone, the -k (kill) option to sudo invalidates the user's cached credentials. The next time sudo is run a password willbe required. This option does not require a password and was added to allow a user to revoke sudo permissions from a .logout file. Not allsecurity policies support credential caching.
When used in conjunction with a command or an option that may require a password, the -k option will cause sudo to ignore the user's cachedcredentials. As a result, sudo will prompt for a password (if one is required by the security policy) and will not update the user's cached credentials.
-l[
l] [command] If no command is specified, the -l (list) option will list the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking user (or the userspecified by the -U option) on the current host. If a command is specified and is permitted by the security policy, the fully-qualified path tothe command is displayed along with any command line arguments. If command is specified but not allowed, sudo will exit with a status value of 1.If the -l option is specified with an l argument (i.e. -ll), or if -l is specified multiple times, a longer list format is used.
-n' The -n (non-interactive) option prevents sudo from prompting the user for a password. If a password is required for thecommand to run, sudo will display an error message and exit.
-P' The -P (preserve group vector) option causes sudo to preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered. By default, thesudoers policy will initialize the group vector to the list of groups the target user is in. The real and effective group IDs, however, are still set tomatch the target user.
-pprompt
The -p (prompt) option allows you to override the default password prompt and use a custom one. The following percent ('%') escapes are supportedby the sudoers policy:
%H
expanded to the host name including the domain name (on if the machine's host name is fully qualified or the fqdn option is set in sudoers(5))
%h
expanded to the local host name without the domain name
%p
expanded to the name of the user whose password is being requested (respects the rootpw, targetpw, and runaspw flags in sudoers(5))
%U
expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as (defaults to root unless the -u option is also specified) https://eqyellow188.weebly.com/keynote-for-mac-download-trial.html.
%u
expanded to the invoking user's login name
%%
two consecutive '%' characters are collapsed into a single '%' character
The prompt specified by the -p option will override the system password prompt on systems that support PAM unless the passprompt_override flagis disabled in sudoers.
-rrole' The -r (role) option causes the new (SELinux) security context to have the role specified by role.
-S' The -S (stdin) option causes sudo to read the password from the standard input instead of the terminal device. The passwordmust be followed by a newline character.
-s [command]
The -s (shell) option runs the shell specified by the SHELL environment variable if it is set or the shell as specified in the password database.If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell for execution via the shell's -c option. If no command is specified, an interactive shell isexecuted.
-ttype' The -t (type) option causes the new (SELinux) security context to have the type specified by type. If no type isspecified, the default type is derived from the specified role.
-Uuser' The -U (other user) option is used in conjunction with the -l option to specify the user whose privileges shouldbe listed. The security policy may restrict listing other users' privileges. The sudoers policy only allows root or a user with the ALL privilege on thecurrent host to use this option.
-uuser' The -u (user) option causes sudo to run the specified command as a user other than root. To specify auid instead of a user name, #uid. When running commands as a uid, many shells require that the '#' be escaped with a backslash('). Security policies may restrict uids to those listed in the password database. The sudoers policy allows uids that are not in thepassword database as long as the targetpw option is not set. Other security policies may not support this.
-V' The -V (version) option causes sudo to print its version string and the version string of the security policy plugin and anyI/O plugins. If the invoking user is already root the -V option will display the arguments passed to configure when sudo was built and pluginsmay display more verbose information such as default options.
-v' When given the -v (validate) option, sudo will update the user's cached credentials, authenticating the user's password ifnecessary. For the sudoers plugin, this extends the sudo timeout for another 5 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to by the security policy)but does not run a command. Not all security policies support cached credentials.
--' The -- option indicates that sudo should stop processing command line arguments. Getch not working in dev c download for mac.
Environment variables to be set for the command may also be passed on the command line in the form of VAR=value, e.g.LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pkg/lib. Variables passed on the command line are subject to the same restrictions as normal environment variableswith one important exception. If the setenv option is set in sudoers, the command to be run has the SETENV tag set or the command matched is ALL,the user may set variables that would otherwise be forbidden. See sudoers(5) for more information.
Command Execution
When sudo executes a command, the security policy specifies the execution envionment for the command. Typically, the real and effective uid and gidare set to match those of the target user, as specified in the password database, and the group vector is initialized based on the group database (unless the-P option was specified).
The following parameters may be specified by security policy:
• real and effective group ID
• supplementary group IDs
• the environment list
• current working directory
• file creation mode mask (umask)
• SELinux role and type
• scheduling priority (aka nice value)
Process model
When sudo runs a command, it calls fork(2), sets up the execution environment as described above, and calls the execve system call in the child process.The main sudo process waits until the command has completed, then passes the command's exit status to the security policy's close method and exits. Ifan I/O logging plugin is configured, a new pseudo-terminal ('pty') is created and a second sudo process is used to relay job control signals betweenthe user's existing pty and the new pty the command is being run in. This extra process makes it possible to, for example, suspend and resume the command.Without it, the command would be in what POSIX terms an 'orphaned process group' and it would not receive any job control signals.
Signal handling
Because the command is run as a child of the sudo process, sudo will relay signals it receives to the command. Unless the command is being run ina new pty, the SIGHUP, SIGINT and SIGQUIT signals are not relayed unless they are sent by a user process, not the kernel. Otherwise, the command would receiveSIGINT twice every time the user entered control-C. Some signals, such as SIGSTOP and SIGKILL, cannot be caught and thus will not be relayed to the command. Asa general rule, SIGTSTP should be used instead of SIGSTOP when you wish to suspend a command being run by sudo.
As a special case, sudo will not relay signals that were sent by the command it is running. This prevents the command from accidentally killingitself. On some systems, the reboot(8) command sends SIGTERM to all non-system processes other than itself before rebooting the systyem. This preventssudo from relaying the SIGTERM signal it received back to reboot(8), which might then exit before the system was actually rebooted, leaving it in ahalf-dead state similar to single user mode. Note, however, that this check only applies to the command run by sudo and not any other processes that thecommand may create. As a result, running a script that calls reboot(8) or shutdown(8) via sudo may cause the system to end up in this undefined stateunless the reboot(8) or shutdown(8) are run using the exec() family of functions instead of system() (which interposes a shell between thecommand and the calling process).
Plugins
Plugins are dynamically loaded based on the contents of the /etc/sudo.conf file. If no /etc/sudo.conf file is present, or it contains noPlugin lines, sudo will use the traditional sudoers security policy and I/O logging, which corresponds to the following /etc/sudo.conffile.A Plugin line consists of the Plugin keyword, followed by the symbol_name and the path to the shared object containing the plugin. Thesymbol_name is the name of the struct policy_plugin or struct io_plugin in the plugin shared object. The path may be fully qualified or relative.If not fully qualified it is relative to the /usr/libexec directory. Any additional parameters after the path are passed as arguments to theplugin's open function. Lines that don't begin with Plugin, Path, Debug, or Set are silently ignored.
For more information, see the sudo_plugin(8) manual.
Paths
A Path line consists of the Path keyword, followed by the name of the path to set and its value. E.g.The following plugin-agnostic paths may be set in the /etc/sudo.conf file:
The fully qualified path to a helper program used to read the user's password when no terminal is available. This may be the case when sudo isexecuted from a graphical (as opposed to text-based) application. The program specified by askpass should display the argument passed to it as theprompt and write the user's password to the standard output. The value of askpass may be overridden by the SUDO_ASKPASS environment variable.
noexec' The fully-qualified path to a shared library containing dummy versions of the execv(), execve() and fexecve() library functionsthat just return an error. This is used to implement the noexec functionality on systems that support LD_PRELOAD or its equivalent. Defaults to/usr/libexec/sudo_noexec.so.
Debug Flags
sudo versions 1.8.4 and higher support a flexible debugging framework that can help track down what sudo is doing internally if there is aproblem.
A Debug line consists of the Debug keyword, followed by the name of the program to debug (sudo, visudo, sudoreplay), the debug filename and a comma-separated list of debug flags. The debug flag syntax used by sudo and the sudoers plugin is subsystem@priority butthe plugin is free to use a different format so long as it does not include a comma (',').
For instance:would log all debugging statements at the warn level and higher in addition to those at the info level for the plugin subsystem.
Currently, only one Debug entry per program is supported. The sudo Debug entry is shared by the sudo front end, sudoedit and theplugins. A future release may add support for per-plugin Debug lines and/or support for multiple debugging files for a single program.
The priorities used by the sudo front end, in order of decreasing severity, are: crit, err, warn, notice, diag,info, trace and debug. Each priority, when specified, also includes all priorities higher than it. For example, a priority ofnotice would include debug messages logged at notice and higher.
The following subsystems are used by the sudo front-end:
args' command line argument processing
conv' user conversation
edit' sudoedit
exec' command execution
main' sudo main function
Ekg live wallpaper mac download. netif' network interface handling
pcomm' communication with the plugin
plugin' plugin configuration
pty' pseudo-tty related code
selinux' SELinux-specific handling
util' utility functions
utmp' utmp handling
Exit Value
Upon successful execution of a program, the exit status from sudo will simply be the exit status of the program that was executed.
Otherwise, sudo exits with a value of 1 if there is a configuration/permission problem or if sudo cannot execute the given command. In thelatter case the error string is printed to the standard error. If sudo cannot stat(2) one or more entries in the user's PATH, an error is printed onstderr. (If the directory does not exist or if it is not really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error is printed.) This should not happen under normalcircumstances. The most common reason for stat(2) to return 'permission denied' is if you are running an automounter and one of the directories in your PATHis on a machine that is currently unreachable.
Security Notes
sudo tries to be safe when executing external commands.
To prevent command spoofing, sudo checks '.' and ' (both denoting current directory) last when searching for a command in the user's PATH (if one orboth are in the PATH). Note, however, that the actual PATH environment variable is not modified and is passed unchanged to the program that sudoexecutes.
Please note that sudo will normally only log the command it explicitly runs. If a user runs a command such as sudo su or sudo sh, subsequent commandsrun from that shell are not subject to sudo's security policy. The same is true for commands that offer shell escapes (including most editors). If I/Ologging is enabled, subsequent commands will have their input and/or output logged, but there will not be traditional logs for those commands. Because of this,care must be taken when giving users access to commands via sudo to verify that the command does not inadvertently give the user an effective rootshell. For more information, please see the PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES section in sudoers(5).
To prevent the disclosure of potentially sensitive information, sudo disables core dumps by default while it is executing (they are re-enabled forthe command that is run). To aid in debugging sudo crashes, you may wish to re-enable core dumps by setting 'disable_coredump' to false in the/etc/sudo.conf file as follows:Note that by default, most operating systems disable core dumps from setuid programs, which includes sudo. To actually get a sudo core fileyou may need to enable core dumps for setuid processes. On BSD and Linux systems this is accomplished via the sysctl command, on Solaris the coreadm commandcan be used.
Environment
sudo utilizes the following environment variables. The security policy has control over the actual content of the command's environment.
MAIL' In -i mode or when env_reset is enabled in
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HOME' Set to the home directory of the target user if -i or -H are specified, env_reset or always_set_home are set insudoers, or when the -s option is specified and set_home is set in sudoers.
PATH' May be overridden by the security policy.
Arma 3 steam key generator online. SHELL' Used to determine shell to run with -s option.
SUDO_ASKPASS' Specifies the path to a helper program used to read the password if no terminal is available or if the -A option is specified.
SUDO_COMMAND' Set to the command run by sudo.
SUDO_EDITOR' Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode.
SUDO_GID' Set to the group ID of the user who invoked sudo.
SUDO_PROMPT' Used as the default password prompt.
SUDO_PS1' If set, PS1 will be set to its value for the program being run.
SUDO_UID' Set to the user ID of the user who invoked sudo.
SUDO_USER' Set to the login name of the user who invoked sudo.
USER' Set to the target user (root unless the -u option is specified).
VISUAL' Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode if SUDO_EDITOR is not set.
FilesExamples
Note: the following examples assume a properly configured security policy.
To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the file system holding ~yaz is not exported as root:To edit the index.html file as user www:To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm group:To run an editor as jim with a different primary group:To shut down a machine:To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home partition. Note that this runs the commands in a sub-shell to make the cd and file redirection work.
Mac Run App As SudoSee Also
grep(1), su(1), stat(2), passwd(5), sudoers(5), sudo_plugin(8), sudoreplay(8), visudo(8)
HistoryRun Sudo As User
See the HISTORY file in the sudo distribution (http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/history.html) for a brief history of sudo.
Authors
Many people have worked on sudo over the years; this version consists of code written primarily by:
Todd C. Miller
See the CONTRIBUTORS file in the sudo distribution (http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/contributors.html) for an exhaustive list of people who have contributedto sudo.
![]() Caveats
There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if that user is allowed to run arbitrary commands via sudo. Also, many programs(such as editors) allow the user to run commands via shell escapes, thus avoiding sudo's checks. However, on most systems it is possible to preventshell escapes with the sudoers(5) plugin's noexec functionality.
It is not meaningful to run the cd command directly via sudo, e.g.,since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will still be the same. Please see the EXAMPLES section for more information.
Running shell scripts via sudo Gta 8 download for android. can expose the same kernel bugs that make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some operating systems (if your OS has a/dev/fd/ directory, setuid shell scripts are generally safe).
Bugs
If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a bug report at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/
Support
Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search thearchives.
Disclaimer
sudo is provided 'AS IS' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability andfitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE file distributed with sudo or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for completedetails.
Sudo 1.8.6p3 July 10, 2012 Sudo 1.8.6p3
Referenced Bybyobu(1),gksuexec(1),growisofs(1),logcheck(8),lshell(1),sa-compile(1),slog(8),sreplay(8),sslogger(8),sslogger-slogd(8),sslogger.conf(5),sssd-sudo(5),sudosh(1),sudosh-replay(8),sudosh.conf(5),vlc-wrapper(1)Comments are closed.
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